All were direct seeded. If you look close you can tell the broccoli and cabbage plants are thicker than they should be. I am sure I could have thinned those rows and transplanted the ones I pulled out and had over twice as many row feet. As we start harvesting that helps to thin the crop and then the other plants tend to go ahead and grow to make nice heads. I use a Earthway push planter with one of the special order plates. It's the small seed plate for cabbage, broccoli and greens. It's supposed to drop a seed every 1" I think but I closed up two holes and left one open around the plate. I used JB Weld. I also have one plate that I just closed every other hole.